Shàolínquán (少林 拳, Wade-Giles: Shaolin Ch'üan ) (literally "Fist" Young Forest ") is a style of traditional Chinese martial arts was originally practiced by Buddhist monks of the Shaolin Temple in Henan Province, China. For some Shaolin style as well as being considered one of the most efficient and old styles of Asian martial arts, it is considered by some to be the parent, having a direct or indirect influence on the birth and development. Shao lin quan is a term of Chinese martial arts with different shades of meaning.
- may be a synonym for Waijia, that indicates the set of all styles so-called external
- may be the set of all the styles that claim their origin from boxing practiced at the Shaolin temple. In this case it would be more correct to speak of Shaolinpai (少林 派)
- can be the name of boxing during the various eras have come and gone and have been practiced in the Shaolin Temple;
- can be the name of boxing currently practiced in many schools that arise in the immediate vicinity of the temple, a highly codified style and rebuilt in relatively recent times;
- In Italy and the Chang School has also taken the name Shaolinquan, Taiwanese by the name of Shaolin Beipai Mehiuaquan, thus giving an idea misguided and wrong.
"All were born in Shaolin Martial Arts" says a Chinese proverb, in order to emphasize not only relevance but also martial style of the temple, as we will see is a saying which has no historical basis. The history of
Shaolinquan is deeply intertwined with the political and religious history of China, with the birth of many other styles and historical figures. It has influenced the work of various emperors so the history of the Chinese Empire as indirectly affected different populations and Eastern civilizations. The following will be addressed both aspects related to the historical evolution of style alone, but also political events, historical and religious related to China, the Temple, and more, so you understand the evolution and influence of this style. We will avoid here to describe all the dynasties and we will mention only the beginning of art:Top Testimonials
The presence of the martial arts at Shaolin was not unexpected: since ever the monks because of their lifestyle and continuous pilgrimage, were inclined to the arts of combat. For some, as early as 510 to Shaolinsi there was a "Shaolin Fist." For example, according to Kieffer and Zanini two disciples of Batu (跋陀) created the "Shaolin boxing" Hui Guang (慧光) creates the "soft boxing" Sengchou (僧 稠) creates the "Boxing hard." For the same source in this period would have created the stick method called "double tiger skin." The same story is reported by Zhang Jiata: ... there are people who say that the Shaolin Quan have originated at the time of Buddhabhadra (Indian name of Batu). They say that Seng Chou, a brilliant disciple of Buddhabhadra once used his stick to separate two ferocious tigers who were fist fight. To support the thesis of a Shaolin Boxing already at the time of Batu, a legendary tradition ascribes to the creation and transmission of a style. In particular, the Shaolin Jingangchan (少林 金刚 禅, Meditation 's Attendant Buddha Shaolin) gives Batuo the role of first teacher.
The figure of Bodhidharma
The official birth of Shaolinquan, which is thought by some derived in part from existing Chinese fighting techniques (such as Ti Chiao the Po Shou Tao Chien and ), we is traditionally traced the arrival at the Shaolin Temple, in 527, the legendary Monaco Buddhist Bodhidharma or Puti Damo in Chinese (菩提 达摩), often abbreviated as Damo (达摩), founder of Zen Buddhism (Chan in Chinese).
Its shape and presence to Shaolinsi is not historically reliable. It has only one witness, in the Luoyang qielan ji (洛阳 伽蓝 记, Annals of the Monasteries of Luoyang) in 547, written by Yang Yanzhi (杨 衍 之) resident Luyoang (city adjacent to the temple), which speaks of Bodhidarma as a Persian blue eyes on 150anni. According to legend, Bodhidharma found the monks in adequate physical condition to the study of Chan Buddhism through meditation, so he taught them the practice of body 'Yijinjing (易筋经, Classic of change of the muscles and tendons) and' martial exercise called Shiba Iuohan shou (十八 罗汉 手, The 18 hands Arhat). It is believed that these techniques have just begun encoded style typical of Shaolin. Recent studies tend to place the creation and transfer of these exercises in subsequent periods. Many believe that Bodhidarma not introduced to the martial arts Shaolinsi and the only thing whose creation is attributed to Damo are Chan Buddhism and the concept of Wude (Martial Virtue): Before this concept, nobody thought anything other than fighting. The main contribution of the encounter between philosophy and meditative Chan primitive fighting techniques known by the monks would have been their strong spiritual care and mind-body system that you impregnated the nascent Chinese martial arts, which developed as part of a self-defense techniques and the other as moving meditation. Whatever the truth, it lacks the proper documentary support, that allows to go beyond the mere historical hypothesis or the legend.
the lineage of Shaolinquan
Shaolinquan or the lineage of the family tree of this style is not easy to rebuild. The monks who are currently practicing at the temple in Henan claim thirty generations. A lineage appears in the book Guoshu Gailun (国 术 概论, introduction to the art national) in 1937 in a section entitled "Shaolinquan Biao xi shi" (少林 拳 世系 表, tavola della genealogia dello Shaolinquan):
- 1) Il fondatore: Damo Chanshi (Dharma Master);
- 2) Huike Chanshi (benefits can be Zen);
- 3) durante la dinastia Zhou del Nord: Huiyun Fashi (Hui Games Master), Hongzun Lushi (Hong compliance counsel);
- 4) nell'epoca di Taizu Wude della dinastia Tang: Zhicao (Chi Cao), Tanzong (Tan cases), Huichang (Hui Chang);
- 5) a metà del periodo della dinastia Tang: Xuansu (Xuansu), Qiyun (Temple), Faru (methods such as), Mingzun (out of compliance), Zhidong Lushi (Chile action lawyers);
- 6) durante il regno di Jinglong della dinastia Tang: Huichao (Wai Chao) Dou Weina (Du Wei Na);
- 7) durante l'epoca della dinastia: Jinnaluo (tight that Rom); -
- 8) Hama (Hama);
- 9) Jingtang (net Hall), Biandun (plaque store);
- 10) durante il regno di Jiajing della dinastia Ming: Hongzhuan (Hong transfer), Hongyun (Hung Yun), Hongji (Hung Chi);
- 11) Zongxiang (were like), Zongdai (cases Dai), Guang'an (wide press) Jueyuan (Jueyuan), Qiuyue (Moon), Cheng Chondou (process red bucket);
- 12) Chenghui (Ching Hui);
- 13) Guan Chanshi (Guan Zen), Chengyin (Cheng hidden), Du Zhang Seng (single rod Monk);
- 14) Cai Jiuyi (Caijiu instrument);
- 15) Mo Shi (Morse);
- 16) Tong Chan shang ren (pain Zen Master);
- 17) Hu Shi (Hu);
- 18) Ma Beixiong (Ma North male);
- 19) Lin Shi (Shi Lin);
- 20) shuang ren seng (Double monk), Qing Hefu (庆 和 甫).
The Northern Shaolin and Southern Shaolin
distinction can be made and talk about Shaolinquan two styles: a northern and a southern This distinction is nothing but due to the different geographical origins. Northern Shaolin is a native of Shaolinsi, Henan, rather than the South comes from the Temple of Quanzhou, in Fujian. Although each school uses the 5 'animals' basic (Dragon, Snake, Crane, Tiger, Leopard) has several branches in turn:
- Wan Laisheng According to the master, in his Wushu work Huizhong (武术 汇 宗), the Northern Shaolin is divided into three "families" in: Hong
- : focuses on the physical strength
- Kong: softness
- Yue: that combines strength and softness. In turn, the Yue family is divided into four schools: Dasheng (Great Sage), Luhoan (Arhat), Erlang (a mythical hero) and Weituo (genius protector of Buddhism).
- Southern Shaolin Siu Lam or is sometimes identified with the five major schools of Guangdong, which in reality are only a small representation:
- Hong (Hung) - see Hongjiaquan
- Liu - see Liujiaquan
- Cai (Choi) - see Caijiaquan
- Li - see Lijiaquan
- Mo - see Moijiaquan
- Hong (Hung) - see Hongjiaquan
These schools are closely related to the legend of the 5 and antentati
with the secret societies of Guangdong.
differences between "North" and "South"
It is believed that the style of the North favors more use of his legs, 70%, while the style of the South rests most use of the techniques of hand and upper limb. This thesis is well suited to many styles found in two geographical areas is actually based sull'aforisma Nanquan Beitui (Fists in the south and the north leg).
Shaolin today
In our age played a role in the transmission of Shaolinquan during this century some monks warriors Zhenxu (1893-1955), Degen (1914 -1963), Yongxiang (born 1920), Suyun (born 1923), and Suxi (born 1925). Shaolin Quanpu saved by fire in 1928 by monaco Yongxiang (1913-1987) describes more than four Taolu which were added to the body of Shaolinquan over the centuries. It is, according to tradition, was written by 18 experts from martial arts at a meeting of the tenth century. The Monaco has headed Deqian 120 Taolu of Shaolinquan, among them: From Hongquan and Xiao Hongquan, which are most common in the vicinity of the Temple and are the foundation of Shaolinquan; The latter is considered the quintessential Shaolinquan involves 12 main movements ( Shier ba) and is routed to the best practitioners of the monastery. Are given a huge number of weapons and their related Duilian. A very important component of training is made up of monks Wushier yi (the 72 skills).
Characteristics of Traditional Shaolin
The Shaolinquan is an external style of martial arts of Northern China. The basic principle of Shaolin is to be able to move as quickly as possible by a technique using the full power to another equally powerful. It must constantly be able to pass by attack on defense. To carry out this principle requires that between a technique and the next steps are in a stage of softness or pliability which indicates a particular physical and mental attitude in which the muscles are relaxed, but reactive reflexes are ready and the mind is clear and ready to react as appropriate to the situation. The result is an extremely disruptive style but also very fluid, ie rapid and continuous, in which the techniques are not stopped, but follow each other in a spontaneous manner, as if each technique need to be resolved in the next. The
Shaolinquan includes various attack techniques: punches, blows open hand and elbow; kicked to the ground and flying kicks.
" Fists in the south, the north leg "
This indicates that China favored the use of leg techniques
in Northern Shaolin, Henan, compared to the styles of the South, which
prefer the more ' use of arms.
The blocking techniques are crucial, because they are considered as real shocks: the Shaolin when he hits to hurt para. All blocking techniques to defend the rectangle space and must be performed at a precise distance from the body, by which the blow is received by now. The legs must defend themselves, their arms only to defend his genitals, chest and face. Every parade is always preceded by an attempt to bring out of range of opposing technique. There are also numerous technical fall, in order to have the least possible damage from falling or being thrown. Suffice it to say that all these techniques have given rise to a style aside, the Ditangquan (T'ang Ti Chuan ) and are represented in the homonymous Tao Lu
Finally, one of the most important aspects of Shaolin is the study of the techniques grip, lever, restraining and strangulation. These techniques are merged into a modern style prerogative of the police, that is Qinna. They are the most important in the aspect of self-defense, because you can defend themselves or knock out an opponent without causing particular damage, longer life.
characters representative of the traditional Shaolin
- Greeting: The greeting is done in a standing position with hands at your sides and palms look forward. Then the hands are brought before the joint chest while flexing the trunk forward. Flexing forward to pronounce the words "Namo Mitu Fo" (南 无 弥陀 佛) Buddhist term which means I give myself totally to the Buddha Amitabha .
- whipped Hits: every blow (fist, palm) after hitting back immediately back, ready to defend or strike back. The arm after having struck and partially extended position semiflexed returns immediately.
- arms bent or straight : This feature can be observed in all the techniques of Tao Lu and Shaolinquan. An arm is too straight and made subject to technical failure, it exposes the veins and it takes longer to return to the defense. Also can not attack with speed and express the strongest possible terms. At each point of Shaolin your arms are almost always slightly bent a few degrees at the elbow.
- "Moving squats where an ox" : it is a Chinese saying. But it indicates that any technique must be performed in very small spaces, as this would allow the practitioner to escape and move deftly, even if surrounded. It also follows that the positions will never be too open, both at the level of arms to legs.
- Nothing excesses: the style uses positions available, high, rest and balance but never in the excess flow. So there are never too cold or long positions, although maybe beautiful to behold. Shaolin in this regard always prefers the martial aspect and not the art or choreography.
- Closed position: it is characterized in Shaolinquan Tao Lu generally conclude with a closing position typical of this style. The basic position is that the Ma Bu or position Knight, but the head is facing left, left arm resting on fist face down on the distal third of the thigh and right arm protects the skull, bringing his fist over the right temple, with the elbow pointing up. Generally, this closed position is accompanied by characteristic Fajin, kept a few seconds and then conclude with the greeting Lu Tao.
- Several Tao Lu : Shaolinquan it has around 370 forms.
Technical aspects of traditional Shaolin
- Fists Offline line: the line is the shortest way between two points, thereby gaining in speed. When possible the Shaolinquan hits in a straight line.
- hit over the target : the practitioner Shaolinquan hits the target with the idea of \u200b\u200btransition, finish well, do not stop on its surface. The shots are very harmful and powerful.
- rotation of the arms : shots before getting to sign arise from a rotational movement of the arm on its own axis. The fist before hitting the target has an axial rotation at the wrist, to give power and precision.
- rotation of the feet: every coup acquires force from the foot, their rotation. The strength of each shot comes from the foot, then spread along the hip, pelvis, chest, shoulder, elbow, wrist and finally come to hand.
- 'feet sunk in the ground ": the force is from the feet and they must be firmly on the ground, with the idea that they are buried under the ground, so solid as the roots of a tree.
"Do you think your feet are 20cm below the ground" they say.
Some of these features are characteristic of many other styles and are part of basic "scientific" the same fight. Concepts such as hitting in a straight line over the target, rotate fists and arms are also the fundamental basis of how the arts Boxing, in short, are not prerogatives of Shaolinquan. But compared to other oriental styles, the emphasis is on technical aspects because these are an integral part of every technique and Tao Lu studied.
Major weapons used
- long stick (gun), Medium, Short
- saber (dao (weapon)), Double Saber (shuangdao)
- sword (jian)
- Lancia ( Qiang)
- Halberd (Puda or guandao)
- stick in 2 sections (Shuang Chien Kun)
- stick to Sections 3 (sanjiegun)
- stick watchmen (Shao Kun)
- stick Short handle cross used as a handle (Kuai)
- Chain (jujiebian)
- pointed iron rod (T'ieh Ch'ih)
- rope with a metal point at one end (Sheng Piao)
- bat (Ch ' ui)
- dagger (Pi Shou)
The Shaolin Stick
Jinnaluo Wang was in the middle of an important legend. According to the Shaolin Zanzong gunfire that ended the Yuan Dynasty in 1616 written by Cheng Chondou technique Shaolingun would have appeared during the fourteenth century, during the revolt of the red turban. For Cheng, the temple was to be attacked by insurgents, when the apparition of a armed with a poker monaco iron and possessed by the divinity Jinnaluo Wang made them disperse. In this legend, someone wanted to see the possibility that this art of using the stick has a Tibetan origin. This legend is far from having no historical basis for Stanley Henning could be a smart ploy to divert attention from the crushing defeat suffered by the Shaolin Monks on Wuthaishan and to create a mythical aura that would protect the temple from attack. In the transmission of the art of Shaolin stick very probably is due to Yu Dayou and this is no trace in later stories, especially Shou Bi Lu describing the art of spear (qian) of Hong Zuan monaco big toe with the same martial skills described by Yu. Cheng Zongyou (程宗猷) learned the method from a student of Shaolin Stick Zuan Hong, Guang An, citing that the forms and Xiao Yechagun (大小 夜叉 棍) Yishougun (阴 手 棍) Paigun (拍 棍) Chuansuo gun (串 唆 棍), etc. ..
sayings
This style, like other matter, brings with him a wealth of popular sayings born over the centuries, which help understand the importance that this style has been to China for the Chinese and the world of martial arts.
- "The Shaolin boxing is famous throughout the Empire" (Shaolin quanyong yi ming Tian Xia ): stroke dall'Epitafio Wang Zhengnan
- "All were born in Shaolin Martial Arts"
- "Moving squats where an ox" ( Quan Dao Wo Niu Zai Dii)
- "Fists in the south, the north leg (Nanquan Beitui)
- " Learn Taolu one hundred and you'll master a technique
"belts" in the modern Shaolin
The presence of the belt in Shaolin species is an introduced only for cohesion in the Western world. In fact originally the practitioner at the Shaolin Temple practiced for years the same fundamental remaining in circulation at the level of "white belt". Then after 5 years on average, were given their first split (tai fu) of Grey, directly with the "black band" and then begin to study and practice of forms. In fact, the Shaolin implement a system of grading in Tai was of various colors: gray
- : beginner.
- Brown: Advanced.
- Orange: Teacher.
Today in Italy it is customary to welcome each new student as the "principle" which has no end but is conventionally defined as "white belt". Then the achievement of the first exam can wear Tai was gray and the "yellow band". For each Tai was there are various belts, with the following division:
- Tai was Gray:
- Yellow Belt Red Belt Black Belt
- Tai was Brown:
- Red Belt Yellow Belt
- Black Belt
- Tai was
- Orange Belt Yellow
- Red Belt Black Belt
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